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Soft-balancing coalitions tend to lack these elements.
Hard bal- ancing presupposes intense rivalry or expected rivalry-sometimes of a zero-sum nature-among the balancing states, whereas soft-balancing coalitions tend to be ad hoc.
The states in a soft-balancing coalition are calculating that the costs of their actions are tolerable and can be shared among the participants if the target engages in punitive actions.9 The aim of a soft-balancing strategy is to deny legitimacy to actions that challenge the international or regional order.
While these states had limited military and economic power, they nevertheless attempted to use international insti- tutions to create a soft-balancing coalition against the superpowers, achieving only limited success.
Several re- gional rivalries prompted the nonaligned countries to seek military and economic aid from the superpowers, nullifying the influence they could have had in creating a soft-balancing coalition around the Non-Aligned Movement.
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